High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) utilizes different combinations of stationary and mobile phases to achieve diverse separation modes based on various analyte-phase interactions. Typical HPLC columns are packed with stationary phase materials like silica or polymer-based resins tailored for specific modes like reversed-phase, ion-exchange, size-exclusion, affinity chromatography, Chiral Separation Chromatography, GPC Columns, Hydrophilic Interaction Chromatography, Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography, Ion Chromatography, Ion Exclusion Chromatography, Ligand Exchange Chromatography, and Normal Phase Chromatography. Proper column selection with optimized mobile phase conditions enables efficient separation and analysis of complex mixtures ranging from small molecules to biomolecules based on their physicochemical properties.